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Galaxy Clusters Are Where Galaxies Like The Milky Way Go To Die
Galaxies that speed through the intergalactic medium will have their gas and material stripped away, which will lead to a trail of stars formed in the wake of the expelled material, but will prevent new stars from forming within the galaxy itself. This galaxy, above, is in the process of being stripped away of its gas entirely. The stripping is much more pronounced in the environments of rich galaxy clusters, as illustrated here. (NASA, ESA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: MING SUN (UAH), AND SERGE MEUNIER)
If we were in a place like the Coma Cluster instead of the Local Group, we’d already be dead.
In a living spiral galaxy, like the Milky Way, the rich gas inside enables the ongoing formation of new stars.
The brightest, closest galaxy confirmed to be beyond the local group is NGC 300, at just 6 million light years distant. The pink regions found along the spiral arms are evidence of new star formation, triggered by the interaction of internal gas and the density waves of the internal structure. (ESO / WIDE FIELD IMAGER (WFI))
When enough gas gets concentrated in a single location, it collapses under its own gravity.
Various matter clumps will grow, faster and faster, leading to new stars and star clusters.
Hubble space telescope image of the merging star clusters at the heart of the Tarantula Nebula, the largest star-forming region known in the local group. The hottest, bluest stars are over 200 times the mass of our Sun. The new star cluster, shown here, is less than 2 million years old. (NASA, ESA, AND E. SABBI (ESA/STSCI); ACKNOWLEDGMENT: R. O’CONNELL (UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA) AND THE WIDE FIELD CAMERA 3 SCIENCE OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE)
This can be triggered by internal dynamics, an external gravitational influence, or a merger with another galaxy.
Zw II 96 in the constellation of Delphinus, the Dolphin, is an example of a galaxy merger located some 500 million light-years away. Star formation is triggered by these classes of events, and can use up large amounts of gas within each of the progenitor galaxies, rather than a steady stream of low-level star formation found in isolated galaxies. (NASA, ESA, THE HUBBLE HERITAGE TEAM (STSCI/AURA)-ESA/HUBBLE COLLABORATION AND A. EVANS (UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE/NRAO/STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY))
Galaxies that are relatively isolated form new stars at a slow, constant rate: for much longer than the Universe’s current age.
The isolated galaxy MCG+01–02–015, all by its lonesome for over 100,000,000 light years in all directions, is presently thought to be the loneliest galaxy in the Universe. The features seen in this galaxy are consistent with it being a massive spiral that formed from a long series of minor mergers, but having been relatively quiet on that front for billions of years. Still, new stars are forming inside at a low but steady rate. (ESA/HUBBLE & NASA AND N. GORIN (STSCI); ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: JUDY SCHMIDT)
But once a galaxy’s gas is gone, star formation ceases, as there’s no material left to fuel future stellar generations.
This is a Hubble Space Telescope image of galaxy NGC 1277. The galaxy is unique in that it is considered a relic of what galaxies were like in the early universe. The galaxy is composed exclusively of aging stars that were born 10 billion years ago. But unlike other galaxies in the local universe, it has not undergone any further star formation. These ‘red-and-dead’ galaxies are found most often stripped of gas as they speed through dense galaxy clusters, like NGC 1277 is doing here. It also contains a supermassive black hole thousands of times the mass of the one at the center of our Milky Way. There are still mysteries to be solved about this galaxy, as well as the Perseus Cluster it inhabits. (NASA, ESA, M. BEASLEY (INSTITUTO DE ASTROFÍSICA DE CANARIAS), AND P. KEHUSMAA)
When a galaxy enters a rich, massive cluster, it has to contend with two murderous factors.
The night sky of Earth, showing the Milky Way, Andromeda and how they’ll look from our perspective over the next 7 billion years, as they merge. Note the transformation from two spirals to a massive, star-forming galaxy, to a red-and-dead elliptical. (NASA; ESA; Z. LEVAY AND R. VAN DER MAREL, STSCI; T. HALLAS, AND A. MELLINGER)
A single major merger can use up all the gas in both progenitor galaxies, leading…
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